p b v m t d n l c g [N] h s r w u a i y o e au ai eu * Vowels may be long or short, longs: ú, etc. * i + V, u + V form two syllables * Closed syllable may not have long vowels: * au > o * ai > e * eu > u * if final syallble long, diphthong, accent final * else, accent penult * Mostly CV(N) where N is [m, n, l, s, r], but also: * V + [p t c b d g m n] + [m n l r s] + V * [p t c s b d g v m l n] may geminate * [p c] very rare except word internal after [l, n, r, m]; sometimes occur geminate in a few stems ---------------------------------------- VERBS * strong and weak forms; weak derived * strong stem grades: * á/e/eu (a/e/u) * í/é/ai (i/e/i) * ú/ó/au (u/o/o) -------------------- Declension of /mád - remember: mandu, mamádu, medo ACTIVE Present Future mandu manduma mandatu mandatuma -u -uma mandi mandirsi mandati mandatirsi -i -irsi mandan mandal mandatan mandatal -an -al pcpl. mand-ed-in mand-at-ed-in -edin inf. mand-ús mand-at-ús -ús Simple Past medo medama . -o -ama medai medari -ai -ari mede medal -e -al pcpl. med-in -in inf. med-ese -ese Pres.Perfect Future Perfect mamádu mamáduma mamádatu mamádatuma -u -uma (pres.) mamádai mamádari mamádati mamádatirsi -ai -ari mamáde mamádal mamádatan mamádatal -e -al pcpl. mamádin mamádatin -in inf. mamádese mamádatús -ese Past Perfect mamedu mamedama -u -ama mamedai mamedari -ai -ari mamede mamedal -e -al pcpl. mamedin -in inf. mamedese -ese PASSIVE Present Future mandí mandimá mandatí mandatimá -í -imá mandisi mandirá mandatisi mandatirá -isi -irá mandís mandeslá mandatís mandateslá -ís -eslá pcpl. mand-es-in -esin inf. mand-és -és Past medí medimá (present.) medisi medirá medís medeslá pcpl. medesin inf. medés Present Perfect Future perfect mamáderu mamáderuma mamádertu mamádertuma mamáderai mamáderirsi mamáderti mamádertirsi mamáderan mamáderal mamádertan mamádertal pcpl. mamáderin mamádertin inf. mamáderse mamádertese Past Perfect mamederu mamederuma mamederai mamederirsi mamederan mamederal pcpl. mamederin info. mamederse -------------------- MOODS * indicated with particles * subjunctive: wé * optative: on ---------------------------------------- PRONOUNS I mán/me/máné, min "my" you asán/ase/asáné, asin s/he lán/le/láné, lin we embán/embe/embáné, embin you sarán/sare/saráné, sarin they dín/de/díné, din The "min" form are adjectives declined like í-declension nouns to agree in case and number with the noun they modify. The word "bin" for "that" is similarly declined (regularly!). "Yon" is 'obbin.' wan/wané - "this" lán/le, s/he,it lin, his/her/its Nom. wan wanna lán lin lial Acc. wa wanná le lím lí Dat. wanis wannám lánis lis liam Gen. wané wadra láné lai lír Loc. wansí waste lánesí lesí leste Abl. wantai walte lánetai letai lelte Ad. wamma walme lánemma limma lilme ---------------------------------------- NOUNS * Consonant declension, ú-declension, í-declension meudin, "memory" (/mád) Nom. meud-i-n meud-i-al Acc. meud-ím (i-im) meud-í Dat. meud-i-s meud-i-am Gen. meud-ai meud-ír (i-ir) Loc. meud-e-sí meud-e-ste Abl. meud-e-tai meud-e-lte Ad. meud-i-mma meud-i-lme caulun, --(/cúl) Nom. caul-u-n caul-u-al Acc. caul-u-im caul-ú Dat. caul-u-s caul-u-am Gen. caul-au caul-u-ir Loc. caul-o-sí caul-o-ste Abl. caul-o-tai caul-o-lte Ad. caul-u-mma caul-u-lme lín/lindé, "tree" Nom. lín lind-a Acc. lind-am lind-á Dat. lind-is lind-ám (a-am) Gen. lind-é lind-a-ra Loc. lind-a-sí lind-a-ste Abl. lind-a-tai lind-a-lte Ad. lind-a-mma lind-a-lme * -m declension, rare-ish. -m/-h sám, "bug, insect" Nom. sám samma Acc. sám sammá Dat. sás sammám Gen. sáhé sáhár (sa-h-ár) Loc. sásí saste Abl. sátai salte Ad. samma salme ---------------------------------------- ADVERBS * -ú * -ín ---------------------------------------- PREPOSITIONS ---------------------------------------- VOCABULARY ar, ár - "not, no" caul-un, /dúl - "see," aimu, dadúlu, dólo gám/gambé, c-decl., "man" lín/lindé, c-decl., "tree" /mád - "remember," mandu, mamádu, medo meud-in, i-decl. /mád, "memory" sám/sáhé, m-decl., "bug, insect" ---------------------------------------- SENTENCES lanná mamáduma - we had remembered these (things) gambam aimu - I see a man wa gambam aimu - I see this man wan gám me aiman - This man sees me ase aimatu - I will see you le dólo - I saw him le dadúlu - I have seen him le dadólu - I had seen him